Limit Teacher Talking Time. The idea that students should be more active in a lesson and do more of the talking.

Mobile-Assisted Language Learning. Includes the use of mobile devices such as cellular mobile phones, tablets, etc. that are used for educational purposes.

Concrete objects used to demonstrate learning concepts. The use of manipulatives appeals to ESL students’ senses in order to enhance the meaning of the presented information. Students have the opportunity to hear, see, and touch manipulatives to promote the learning process and language acquisition.

Lesson input (usually a reading text or listening passage) that includes target language within a meaningful context.

The language used to describe language items (e.g., grammar terminology) or used in class to give instructions or explanations.

Two words that contain all the same phonemes (sounds) except for one (e.g., sheep and ship, or rice and lice). Minimal pairs are useful for practicing discriminating between two difficult phonemes (sounds).