Teaching/learning a language by using language to accomplish open-ended tasks. Learners are given an objective to accomplish but are left with some freedom in determining how to complete the objective.

Authentic assessment that involves observing the progress (or lack thereof) of language acquisition in the classroom. Notes are commonly taken by the teacher during observations to discuss what was seen and heard during classroom activities. This pertinent data can be presented during student or parent conferences.

Methods, activities, and techniques where the teacher decides what and how something is to be learned.

Teaching English as a Foreign Language. Typically geared toward learning the language for specific purposes such as business and is learned by students living in non-English-speaking countries.

Teaching English as a Second Language. Typically geared toward learning the language for everyday purposes and is learned by students living in English-speaking countries.